{"id":1135,"date":"2013-07-28T04:57:26","date_gmt":"2013-07-28T04:57:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/andreasphysioblog.com\/?p=1135"},"modified":"2021-03-23T05:06:17","modified_gmt":"2021-03-23T05:06:17","slug":"exercise-physiology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/andreasphysioblog.com\/?p=1135","title":{"rendered":"Exercise Physiology:"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><strong>Muskel kontraktion: Hvad sker der?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Nervesinal sendes fra hjenen som aktionspoteltiale til muskelen. Ved enden af nerven dannes der synapse med musklens motoriske endeplade (synapsekl\u00f8ft). N\u00e5r aktionspotentialet n\u00e5r enden af nerven udskilles der transmitterstoffet acetylcolin. Dette g\u00e5r over synapsekl\u00f8ften og rammer muskelfiberen. Herved dannes nyt aktionspotentiale p\u00e5 muskelfiberen som spreder sig over cellev\u00e6ggen og ind i cellen via t-r\u00f8r. Dette aktionspotentiale p\u00e5 muskelfiberen \u00e5bner Ca<sup>2+<\/sup>-kanaler som lukker Ca<sup>2+<\/sup> ind i fiberen. Ca<sup>2+<\/sup> starter kontraktionscyklus.<\/p>\n<p><b>Alts\u00e5,<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nervesignal (aktionspotentiale) afsendes fra hjernen<b>\u00a0\u2192<\/b>\u00a0til rygmarven\u00a0<b>\u2192<\/b>\u00a0gennem T-r\u00f8r\u00a0<b>\u2192<\/b>\u00a0til enkelte muskelfiber\/muskelcelle<\/li>\n<li>N\u00e5r nervesignal n\u00e5r muskelfiber\/muskelcelle<b>\u00a0\u2192<\/b>\u00a0frigives Ca++inde i cellen<\/li>\n<li>Under kontraktion n\u00e6rmer Z-membraner sig hinanden\u00a0<b>\u2192\u00a0<\/b>Det er myofibrillerne som kan kontrahere sig<\/li>\n<li>Under ekstension bliver der st\u00f8rre afstand mellem Z-membraner<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>N\u00e5r musklen skal kontrahere sig:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00c5bnes kanaler for natrium\u00a0<b>\u2192\u00a0<\/b>natrium str\u00f8mmer ind i cellen<\/li>\n<li>\u00c5bnes kanaler for kalium\u00a0<b>\u2192<\/b>\u00a0kalium str\u00f8mmer ud af cellen<\/li>\n<li>Kalium p\u00e5virker troponin<b>\u00a0\u2192<\/b>\u00a0troponin \u00e6ndrer form\u00a0<b>\u2192\u00a0<\/b>bevirker at tropomyosin fjernes fra actin<b>\u00a0\u2192<\/b>\u00a0blotter bindingssted for myosinhovederne p\u00e5 actin\u00a0<b>=<\/b>\u00a0tv\u00e6rbrodannelse<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Tv\u00e6rbrocyklus<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Det energirige myosinhoved kobles til actin<\/li>\n<li>Ved kobling frig\u00f8res den bundne energi i myosinhovedet \u2192 udl\u00f8ser hovedets nikkebev\u00e6gelser\u00a0<b>\u2192 SAMTIDIG\u00a0<\/b>frig\u00f8res ADP og P fra myosinhovedet<\/li>\n<li><b>VED SLUTNING<\/b>\u00a0af nikkebev\u00e6gelsen\u00a0<b>\u2192<\/b>\u00a0kobles et nyt ATP til myosinhovedet\u00a0<b>\u2192\u00a0<\/b>medf\u00f8rer at kobling mellem myosinhoved og actin afbrydes<\/li>\n<li><b>IDET\u00a0<\/b>afbrydelsen finder sted\u00a0<b>\u2192<\/b>\u00a0spaltes ATP i myosinhovedet til ADP og P\u00a0<b>\u2192\u00a0<\/b>der er<b>\u00a0IGEN<\/b>\u00a0bundet energi i myosinhovedet til\u00a0<b>NY TV\u00c6RBROCYKLUS<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Muskelfiberen<\/b><\/p>\n<p>En muskelfiber best\u00e5r af proteintr\u00e5de actin og myosin<\/p>\n<p>En muskelfibers indre \u2192 opfyldt af lange bundter af tr\u00e5de \u2192 myofibriller \u2192 flere hundrede i hver fiber.<\/p>\n<p>En muskelfiber har flere cellekerner 2000 \u2013 3000<\/p>\n<p>En muskelfiber har X antal mitokondrier <b>\u2192 <\/b>afh\u00e6ngig af fiberst\u00f8rrelse, fibertype, fiberens tr\u00e6ningstilstand<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1646 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-07-28-kl-21-51-00.png?w=300&amp;h=179\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-07-28-kl-21-51-00.png?w=300&amp;h=179 300w, https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-07-28-kl-21-51-00.png?w=598&amp;h=358 598w, https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-07-28-kl-21-51-00.png?w=150&amp;h=90 150w\" alt=\"Sk\u00e6rmbillede 2013-07-28 kl. 21.51.00\" width=\"300\" height=\"179\" data-attachment-id=\"1646\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/physioblogandreasbjerregaard.com\/2013\/07\/28\/exercise-physiology-understanding-the-athlete-within-coursera-melbourne-university-exercisephys13\/skaermbillede-2013-07-28-kl-21-51-00\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-07-28-kl-21-51-00.png\" data-orig-size=\"932,558\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Sk\u00e6rmbillede 2013-07-28 kl. 21.51.00\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-07-28-kl-21-51-00.png?w=300\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-07-28-kl-21-51-00.png?w=825\" \/>Actin (filamenter) <b>\u2192 <\/b>tynde <b>\u2192 <\/b>fastgjort p\u00e5 Z-membranerne<\/li>\n<li>Z \u2013 membraner <b>\u2192<\/b> str\u00e6kker sig mellem myosin (filamenter) p\u00e5 tv\u00e6rs af musklen<\/li>\n<li>Myosin (filamenter) <b>\u2192<\/b> tykke <b>\u2192 <\/b>forbundet p\u00e5 tv\u00e6rs af M-linjen<\/li>\n<li>Stykket fra Z-membran <b>\u2192 <\/b>til Z-membran<b> =<\/b> sarkomer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Muskelfiberen er omgivet af:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Sarcolemma<b> \u2192 <\/b>inderst den <i>egentlige <\/i>cellemembran <b>\u2192<\/b> yderst et lag som indeholder kollagentr\u00e5de, der er forbundet med endomysiets bindev\u00e6vstr\u00e5de.<\/p>\n<p>Lige under sarcolemma <b>\u2192<\/b> (2000 \u2013 3000) cellekerner <b>\u2192<\/b> sikrer at proteinsyntesen kan foreg\u00e5 over alt<\/p>\n<p>I tilknytning til sarcolemma <b>\u2192<\/b> sattelitceller , deres opgave er at <b>\u2192 <\/b>regenerere muskelfibre <b>\u2013<\/b> muligvis nydannelse af muskelfibre<\/p>\n<p>Inden for sarcolemma <b>\u2192 <\/b>sarcoplasma <b>\u2192 <\/b>v\u00e6ske med opl\u00f8ste salte og organiske stoffer<b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>N\u00e5r musklen er i hvile g\u00e6lder det, at der er:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>h\u00f8jt indhold af Ca<sup>++ <\/sup><i>inde i cellen<\/i> <b>\u2192<\/b> lavt indhold af natrium <i>inde i cellen<\/i><\/li>\n<li>Lavt indhold af Ca<sup>++ <\/sup>Udenfor cellen <b>\u2192<\/b> og h\u00f8jt indhold af natrium udenfor cellen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Muskelfiber typer:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Type 1 = langsomme r\u00f8de<\/p>\n<p>Type 2 = Hurtige hvide <b>\u2192<\/b> inddeles i:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2A <b>\u2192<\/b> hurtigere end de r\u00f8de fibre, \u2013 og langsommere end <b>\u2192<\/b> 2X<\/li>\n<li>2X <b>\u2192<\/b> hurtigere end 2A, men udtr\u00e6ttes ogs\u00e5 hurtigere.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Fibertype er genetisk bestemt.<\/li>\n<li>Type 2x \u00e6ndres til Type 2a under styrketr\u00e6ning. Ved hvile bliver Type 2a til Type 2x. Fordel er at Type 2x er bedre til at spalte Kreatin.<\/li>\n<li>Styrketr\u00e6ning medf\u00f8rer ogs\u00e5 at arealet af Type 2a \u00f8ges i forhold til Type I.<\/li>\n<li>Type 2 fibrene har 10 x st\u00f8rre kraft end slow twist.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00c6ldre<b>:<\/b> Type 2 fibre bliver til type 1, skyldes bortfald i motorneuroner til type 2. Type 1\u2019s motorneuroner overtager aktiveringen.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>TYPER AF MUSKELFIBRE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Overordnet set er der 2 typer muskelfibre. Den ene type er de langsomme muskelfibre, der ogs\u00e5 kaldes type 1 muskelfibre. Type 1 muskelfibre er r\u00f8de, hvilket skyldes deres h\u00f8je koncentration af myoglobin (et iltbindende molekyle. Det samme som h\u00e6maglobin, blot inde i selve musklen og ikke i blodbanen). Den anden type af muskelfibre kaldes type 2 muskelfibre. Type 2 muskelfibre kan deles op i to, nemlig type 2a og 2x, hvoraf sidstn\u00e6vnte er den hurtigste.<\/p>\n<p>Grunden til at type 2x er hurtigst skyldes, at denne fibertype indeholder en hurtigtvirkende variant af enzymet myosin-ATPase. Myosin-ATPase er det enzym der nedbryder ATP og derved danner energi. Dog er det ikke nok, at kunne nedbryde hurtigt, der skal ogs\u00e5 kunne opbygges hurtigt. Dette g\u00f8res for type 2x ved glykolyse, som ogs\u00e5 er en kostbar proces. Dog er glykolysen hurtig. De langsomme muskelfibre \u2013 type 1 \u2013 indeholder i mods\u00e6tning til type 2\u2019erne meget store koncentrationer af mitokondrier og respirationsenzymer, hvilket er grundlaget for udholdenhed.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Struktur<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Muskelfiberen er omgivet af bindev\u00e6v (endomysium). Muskelfiberne er samlet i varierende bundter (fasciculi). Disse er omgivet af bindev\u00e6vsstr\u00f8g (perimysium) og til sidst er alle bundter omgivet af en bindev\u00e6vshinde (epimysium). Alt bindev\u00e6v samler sig i musklens ender til sener.<\/li>\n<li>I muskelfiberen findes b\u00e5de tynde (actin) og tykke (myosin) proteintr\u00e5de. Myosinfilamenterne er forbundet p\u00e5 tv\u00e6rs af en M-linje. Actinfilamenterne er fastgjort p\u00e5 Z-membranerne, som str\u00e6kker sig mellem myosinfilamenterne p\u00e5 tv\u00e6rs af musklen. Stykket fra en Z-membran til den n\u00e6ste Z-membran kaldes en sarcomer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Det er myofibrillerne som kan kontrahere sig. Under kontraktionen n\u00e6rmer Z-menbranerne hinanden og omvendt hvis musklen forl\u00e6nges.<\/li>\n<li>Det f\u00f8rste der sker n\u00e5r man l\u00f8fter en v\u00e6gt er, at et nervesignal (aktionspotentiale) g\u00e5r fra hjernen, gennem rygmarven, gennem t-r\u00f8r og ned til den enkelte muskelcelle. N\u00e5r nervesignalet har n\u00e5et muskelcellen, bliver der frigivet kalium (Ca++) inde i cellen. Ved hvile er der et h\u00f8jt indhold af Ca++ inden i cellen og et lavt indhold af natrium, det forholder sig omvendt uden for cellen.<\/li>\n<li>N\u00e5r musklen f\u00e5r \u201dbesked\u201d p\u00e5 at tr\u00e6kke sig sammen \u00e5bnes kanalerne for natrium, som str\u00f8mmer ind i cellen samtidig med, at kaliumkanaler \u00e5bnes s\u00e5 Ca++ str\u00f8mmer ud af cellen. Ca++ p\u00e5virker troponin som \u00e6ndrer form og tr\u00e6kker tropomyosinet v\u00e6k. Dette medf\u00f8rer, at tropomyosin l\u00f8snes fra actin og afd\u00e6kker et bindingssted for myosinhovederne p\u00e5 actin (tv\u00e6rbrodannelse).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blip.tv\/benbrahim-mohammed\/neuromuscular-junction-motor-unit-2824810\">http:\/\/blip.tv\/benbrahim-mohammed\/neuromuscular-junction-motor-unit-2824810<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Lidt noter for denne uges materiale<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1. Under kontration er muskulaturen er i stand til at anvende en r\u00e6kke af\u00a0intra- og extramuscular substrater (det molekyle som enxymer virker p\u00e5) at generere ATP under\u00a0motion. Heriblandt creatinphosphat (CP), glykogen (i musklerne), glucose (i blod\u00e5rene), lactat og frie fedtsyrer (FFA)\u00a0afledt fra enten fedtv\u00e6v eller intramuskul\u00e6r triglycerid lagre.\u00a0Betydning af disse forskellige substrater for stofskiftet bestemmes prim\u00e6rt af tr\u00e6ningsintensitet og\u00a0varighed, selv om milj\u00f8m\u00e6ssige faktorer kan \u00e6ndre den metaboliske reaktion p\u00e5 tr\u00e6ning.<\/p>\n<p>2. Den umiddelbare energikilde for actin-myosin\u00a0under tr\u00e6ningen er ATP. For ATP kr\u00e6ves en r\u00e6kke\u00a0energi-afh\u00e6ngige cellul\u00e6re processer.<\/p>\n<p>3. excitation-kontraktion kobling (nervesp\u00e6nding der for\u00e5rsager en sammentr\u00e6kning af muskelfibre).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-04-kl-13-46-10.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1730\" src=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-04-kl-13-46-10.png?w=265&amp;h=300\" sizes=\"(max-width: 265px) 100vw, 265px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-04-kl-13-46-10.png?w=265&amp;h=300 265w, https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-04-kl-13-46-10.png?w=530&amp;h=600 530w, https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-04-kl-13-46-10.png?w=133&amp;h=150 133w\" alt=\"Sk\u00e6rmbillede 2013-08-04 kl. 13.46.10\" width=\"265\" height=\"300\" data-attachment-id=\"1730\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/physioblogandreasbjerregaard.com\/2013\/07\/28\/exercise-physiology-understanding-the-athlete-within-coursera-melbourne-university-exercisephys13\/skaermbillede-2013-08-04-kl-13-46-10\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-04-kl-13-46-10.png\" data-orig-size=\"820,928\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Sk\u00e6rmbillede 2013-08-04 kl. 13.46.10\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-04-kl-13-46-10.png?w=265\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-04-kl-13-46-10.png?w=820\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-08-kl-09-02-22.png\"><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1821\" src=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-08-kl-09-02-22.png?w=300&amp;h=240\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-08-kl-09-02-22.png?w=300&amp;h=240 300w, https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-08-kl-09-02-22.png?w=600&amp;h=480 600w, https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-08-kl-09-02-22.png?w=150&amp;h=120 150w\" alt=\"Sk\u00e6rmbillede 2013-08-08 kl. 09.02.22\" width=\"300\" height=\"240\" data-attachment-id=\"1821\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/physioblogandreasbjerregaard.com\/2013\/07\/28\/exercise-physiology-understanding-the-athlete-within-coursera-melbourne-university-exercisephys13\/skaermbillede-2013-08-08-kl-09-02-22\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-08-kl-09-02-22.png\" data-orig-size=\"1156,926\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Sk\u00e6rmbillede 2013-08-08 kl. 09.02.22\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-08-kl-09-02-22.png?w=300\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-08-kl-09-02-22.png?w=825\" \/><\/a><\/h3>\n<p>L\u00f8se noter<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e5r intensitet stiger vil V<sub>E <\/sub><i>og O<sub>2 <\/sub><\/i>f\u00f8lges indtil ca. 70 % af max. intensitet. Ved stigende intensitet stiger F. Ved intensitet over 70 % udskiller musklerne m\u00e6lkesyre pga. manglende ilt til musklerne. Belastning har derfor indflydelse p\u00e5 hvor meget laktat der produceres. Ved moderat belastning efter et par minutter, vil der pga. iltg\u00e6lden (iltdeficit) ske en \u00f8gning i blodm\u00e6lkesyrekoncentration, som dog vil s\u00e6nke sig senere under arbejdet, da der kun sker en m\u00e6lkesyredannelse under iltg\u00e6ld. M\u00e6lkesyre spaltes i blodet til brintioner (H<sup>+<\/sup>) og laktationer (LA<sup>\u2013<\/sup>). Dette medf\u00f8rer, at pH-v\u00e6rdien i blodet s\u00e6nkes, da der skabes et surt milj\u00f8 af laktakten i blodet. Hermed vil der ske en p\u00e5virkning af de perifere kemoreceptorer og dette medf\u00f8re en \u00f8get ventilation.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>Puls:<\/b> p\u00e5virkes af sympaticus og parasympaticus. Noradrenalin og adrenalin p\u00e5virker sinusknuden via beta-1 receptorer, acetylcholin p\u00e5virker sinus via n. vagus.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>Den indre respiration:<\/b> Ved forbr\u00e6nding af n\u00e6ringsstoffer bruger cellerne hele tiden ilt O<sub>2<\/sub>, og omdanner det til kuldioxid CO<sup>2<\/sup>. Den proces kaldes den indre respiration.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>Den ydre respiration:<\/b> For at bevare den indre homeostase ved den indre respiration, fjernes CO<sub>2<\/sub> i blodet og O<sub>2<\/sub>tilf\u00f8res. Dette sker i lungerne og kaldes den ydre respiration.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>Ventilation:<\/b> Luften udskilles i lungerne ved hj\u00e6lp af hj\u00e6lp af lungeventilation (<i>O<sub>2<\/sub> ind og CO<sub>2<\/sub>ud<\/i>), dette kaldes \u00e5ndedr\u00e6ttet.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>Lungeventilationen V<sub>E<\/sub>:<\/b> Den m\u00e6ngde luft der ud\u00e5ndes pr. minut. Dette er et produkt af V<sub>T<\/sub> og F. Dette kan fra hvile til maks. dynamisk arbejde \u00f8ges 10-20 gange. I hvile er V<sub>E<\/sub> gennemsnit p\u00e5 5-6 l med V<sub>T<\/sub> p\u00e5 0,5 l og F p\u00e5 12. Men meget individuelt.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>Hyperventilation:<\/b> N\u00e5r belastningen ventilationen kraftigere end stofskiftet kr\u00e6ver. Dette medf\u00f8rer at O<sub>2<\/sub> trykket i alveolerne stiger og CO<sub>2<\/sub> falder.<\/p>\n<p>Muskelarbejde: I starten af arbejdet forbruger musklerne O<sub>2<\/sub> hurtigere end det kan aflevere til blodbanen. Hvilket betyder O<sub>2-<\/sub>trykket i v\u00e6vet falder og p\u00e5virker blodet til at aflevere mere O<sub>2<\/sub>. Jo st\u00f8rre arbejdsintensitet, jo st\u00f8rre er v\u00e6v-O<sub>2<\/sub>-trykket, og jo st\u00f8rre bliver udnytningen. Samtidig med at blodtilf\u00f8rslen til de arbejdende muskler stiger.<\/p>\n<p>Forhold som p\u00e5virker \u00e5ndedr\u00e6tscenteret: Centrale kemoceptorer, PCO<sub>2<\/sub>, pH, F\u00f8lelser, vilje, motoriske baner, str\u00e6kreceptorer, mekano- og kemoreceptorer i musklen. N\u00e5r man \u201dkunstigt\u201d pr\u00f8ver at holde vejret, s\u00e5 falder O<sub>2<\/sub> og CO<sub>2<\/sub> stiger og normalt vil reflekser fra den opholdet CO<sub>2<\/sub> tvinge personen til at tr\u00e6kke vejret inden O<sub>2<\/sub> bliver for lav. Vegetative reaktioner har indflydelse p\u00e5 \u00e5ndedr\u00e6ttet<\/p>\n<p><b>G\u00f8r rede for hvordan kredsl\u00f8bet \u00e6ndres fra hvile til maksimalt aerobt arbejde.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Energikravet stiger n\u00e5r man udf\u00f8rer dynamisk arbejde. For at afd\u00e6kke aerobt, m\u00e5 der transporteres og afgives mere O<sup>2<\/sup> til de arbejde muskler (<i>musklerne har ved overgang fra hvile til arbejde behov for ilt<\/i>). Der sker en kredsl\u00f8bsreaktion, idet pulsen stiger og hjertes fyldningstid mindskes. Fordelingen af blod \u00e6ndres under dynamisk arbejde pga. arteriolerne til indvoldene afklemmes og arteriolerne i de arbejdende muskler dilateres. S\u00e5 fordelingen vil v\u00e6re bestemt af belastningen st\u00f8rrelse. Jo h\u00f8jere den relative belastning er, jo mere lukkes arteriolerne til indvolde, og jo mere \u00e5bnes de til de arbejde muskler. Musklernes virkning af konditionstr\u00e6ning er, at der bl.a. sker en \u00f8gede kapillarisering, hvilket resultere i, at blodet str\u00f8mningshastighed forbliver lav p\u00e5 trods af, at der skal mere blod igennem pr. minut. Og det er vigtigt med en langsom blodgennemstr\u00f8mning fordi, at det sikrer tid til diffusionsprocesserne.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-28-kl-14-01-36.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2137\" src=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-28-kl-14-01-36.png?w=300&amp;h=226\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-28-kl-14-01-36.png?w=300&amp;h=226 300w, https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-28-kl-14-01-36.png?w=598&amp;h=452 598w, https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-28-kl-14-01-36.png?w=150&amp;h=113 150w\" alt=\"Sk\u00e6rmbillede 2013-08-28 kl. 14.01.36\" width=\"300\" height=\"226\" data-attachment-id=\"2137\" 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data-large-file=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-28-kl-14-01-36.png?w=638\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-28-kl-14-01-43.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2138\" src=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-28-kl-14-01-43.png?w=300&amp;h=246\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-28-kl-14-01-43.png?w=300&amp;h=246 300w, https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-28-kl-14-01-43.png?w=600&amp;h=492 600w, https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-28-kl-14-01-43.png?w=150&amp;h=123 150w\" alt=\"Sk\u00e6rmbillede 2013-08-28 kl. 14.01.43\" width=\"300\" height=\"246\" data-attachment-id=\"2138\" 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data-large-file=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-28-kl-14-01-43.png?w=712\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-28-kl-19-26-31.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2198\" src=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-28-kl-19-26-31.png?w=300&amp;h=90\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-28-kl-19-26-31.png?w=300&amp;h=90 300w, https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-28-kl-19-26-31.png?w=600&amp;h=180 600w, https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-28-kl-19-26-31.png?w=150&amp;h=45 150w\" alt=\"Sk\u00e6rmbillede 2013-08-28 kl. 19.26.31\" width=\"300\" height=\"90\" 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data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-28-kl-19-26-31.png?w=300\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/andreasbjerregaard.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/skc3a6rmbillede-2013-08-28-kl-19-26-31.png?w=825\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Muskel kontraktion: Hvad sker der? Nervesinal sendes fra hjenen som aktionspoteltiale til muskelen. Ved enden af nerven dannes der synapse med musklens motoriske endeplade (synapsekl\u00f8ft). N\u00e5r aktionspotentialet n\u00e5r enden af nerven udskilles der transmitterstoffet acetylcolin. Dette g\u00e5r over synapsekl\u00f8ften og rammer muskelfiberen. Herved dannes nyt aktionspotentiale p\u00e5 muskelfiberen som spreder sig over cellev\u00e6ggen og ind i cellen via t-r\u00f8r. Dette aktionspotentiale p\u00e5 muskelfiberen \u00e5bner Ca2+-kanaler som lukker Ca2+ ind i fiberen. Ca2+ starter kontraktionscyklus. Alts\u00e5, Nervesignal (aktionspotentiale) afsendes fra hjernen\u00a0\u2192\u00a0til rygmarven\u00a0\u2192\u00a0gennem T-r\u00f8r\u00a0\u2192\u00a0til enkelte muskelfiber\/muskelcelle N\u00e5r nervesignal n\u00e5r muskelfiber\/muskelcelle\u00a0\u2192\u00a0frigives Ca++inde i cellen Under kontraktion n\u00e6rmer Z-membraner sig hinanden\u00a0\u2192\u00a0Det er myofibrillerne som kan kontrahere sig Under ekstension bliver der st\u00f8rre afstand mellem Z-membraner N\u00e5r musklen skal kontrahere sig: \u00c5bnes kanaler for natrium\u00a0\u2192\u00a0natrium str\u00f8mmer ind i cellen \u00c5bnes kanaler for kalium\u00a0\u2192\u00a0kalium str\u00f8mmer ud af cellen Kalium p\u00e5virker troponin\u00a0\u2192\u00a0troponin \u00e6ndrer form\u00a0\u2192\u00a0bevirker at tropomyosin fjernes fra actin\u00a0\u2192\u00a0blotter bindingssted for myosinhovederne p\u00e5 actin\u00a0=\u00a0tv\u00e6rbrodannelse Tv\u00e6rbrocyklus Det energirige myosinhoved kobles til actin Ved kobling frig\u00f8res den bundne energi i myosinhovedet \u2192 udl\u00f8ser hovedets nikkebev\u00e6gelser\u00a0\u2192 SAMTIDIG\u00a0frig\u00f8res ADP og P fra myosinhovedet VED SLUTNING\u00a0af nikkebev\u00e6gelsen\u00a0\u2192\u00a0kobles et nyt ATP til myosinhovedet\u00a0\u2192\u00a0medf\u00f8rer at kobling mellem myosinhoved og actin afbrydes IDET\u00a0afbrydelsen finder sted\u00a0\u2192\u00a0spaltes ATP i myosinhovedet til ADP og P\u00a0\u2192\u00a0der er\u00a0IGEN\u00a0bundet energi i myosinhovedet til\u00a0NY TV\u00c6RBROCYKLUS Muskelfiberen En muskelfiber best\u00e5r af proteintr\u00e5de actin og myosin En muskelfibers indre \u2192 opfyldt af lange bundter af tr\u00e5de \u2192 myofibriller \u2192 flere hundrede i hver fiber. En muskelfiber har flere cellekerner 2000 \u2013 3000 En muskelfiber har X antal mitokondrier \u2192 afh\u00e6ngig af fiberst\u00f8rrelse, fibertype, fiberens tr\u00e6ningstilstand Actin (filamenter) \u2192 tynde \u2192 fastgjort p\u00e5 Z-membranerne Z \u2013 membraner \u2192 str\u00e6kker sig mellem myosin (filamenter) p\u00e5 tv\u00e6rs af musklen Myosin (filamenter) \u2192 tykke \u2192 forbundet p\u00e5 tv\u00e6rs af M-linjen Stykket fra Z-membran \u2192 til Z-membran = sarkomer Muskelfiberen er omgivet af: Sarcolemma \u2192 inderst den egentlige cellemembran \u2192 yderst et lag som indeholder kollagentr\u00e5de, der er forbundet med endomysiets bindev\u00e6vstr\u00e5de. Lige under sarcolemma \u2192 (2000 \u2013 3000) cellekerner \u2192 sikrer at proteinsyntesen kan foreg\u00e5 over alt I tilknytning til sarcolemma \u2192 sattelitceller , deres opgave er at \u2192 regenerere muskelfibre \u2013 muligvis nydannelse af muskelfibre Inden for sarcolemma \u2192 sarcoplasma \u2192 v\u00e6ske med opl\u00f8ste salte og organiske stoffer\u00a0 N\u00e5r musklen er i hvile g\u00e6lder det, at der er: h\u00f8jt indhold af Ca++ inde i cellen \u2192 lavt indhold af natrium inde i cellen Lavt indhold af Ca++ Udenfor cellen \u2192 og h\u00f8jt indhold af natrium udenfor cellen Muskelfiber typer: Type 1 = langsomme r\u00f8de Type 2 = Hurtige hvide \u2192 inddeles i: 2A \u2192 hurtigere end de r\u00f8de fibre, \u2013 og langsommere end \u2192 2X 2X \u2192 hurtigere end 2A, men udtr\u00e6ttes ogs\u00e5 hurtigere. Fibertype er genetisk bestemt. Type 2x \u00e6ndres til Type 2a under styrketr\u00e6ning. Ved hvile bliver Type 2a til Type 2x. Fordel er at Type 2x er bedre til at spalte Kreatin. Styrketr\u00e6ning medf\u00f8rer ogs\u00e5 at arealet af Type 2a \u00f8ges i forhold til Type I. Type 2 fibrene har 10 x st\u00f8rre kraft end slow twist. \u00c6ldre: Type 2 fibre bliver til type 1, skyldes bortfald i motorneuroner til type 2. Type 1\u2019s motorneuroner overtager aktiveringen. TYPER AF MUSKELFIBRE Overordnet set er der 2 typer muskelfibre. Den ene type er de langsomme muskelfibre, der ogs\u00e5 kaldes type 1 muskelfibre. Type 1 muskelfibre er r\u00f8de, hvilket skyldes deres h\u00f8je koncentration af myoglobin (et iltbindende molekyle. Det samme som h\u00e6maglobin, blot inde i selve musklen og ikke i blodbanen). Den anden type af muskelfibre kaldes type 2 muskelfibre. Type 2 muskelfibre kan deles op i to, nemlig type 2a og 2x, hvoraf sidstn\u00e6vnte er den hurtigste. Grunden til at type 2x er hurtigst skyldes, at denne fibertype indeholder en hurtigtvirkende variant af enzymet myosin-ATPase. Myosin-ATPase er det enzym der nedbryder ATP og derved danner energi. Dog er det ikke nok, at kunne nedbryde hurtigt, der skal ogs\u00e5 kunne opbygges hurtigt. Dette g\u00f8res for type 2x ved glykolyse, som ogs\u00e5 er en kostbar proces. Dog er glykolysen hurtig. De langsomme muskelfibre \u2013 type 1 \u2013 indeholder i mods\u00e6tning til type 2\u2019erne meget store koncentrationer af mitokondrier og respirationsenzymer, hvilket er grundlaget for udholdenhed. Struktur Muskelfiberen er omgivet af bindev\u00e6v (endomysium). Muskelfiberne er samlet i varierende bundter (fasciculi). Disse er omgivet af bindev\u00e6vsstr\u00f8g (perimysium) og til sidst er alle bundter omgivet af en bindev\u00e6vshinde (epimysium). Alt bindev\u00e6v samler sig i musklens ender til sener. I muskelfiberen findes b\u00e5de tynde (actin) og tykke (myosin) proteintr\u00e5de. Myosinfilamenterne er forbundet p\u00e5 tv\u00e6rs af en M-linje. Actinfilamenterne er fastgjort p\u00e5 Z-membranerne, som str\u00e6kker sig mellem myosinfilamenterne p\u00e5 tv\u00e6rs af musklen. Stykket fra en Z-membran til den n\u00e6ste Z-membran kaldes en sarcomer. Det er myofibrillerne som kan kontrahere sig. Under kontraktionen n\u00e6rmer Z-menbranerne hinanden og omvendt hvis musklen forl\u00e6nges. Det f\u00f8rste der sker n\u00e5r man l\u00f8fter en v\u00e6gt er, at et nervesignal (aktionspotentiale) g\u00e5r fra hjernen, gennem rygmarven, gennem t-r\u00f8r og ned til den enkelte muskelcelle. N\u00e5r nervesignalet har n\u00e5et muskelcellen, bliver der frigivet kalium (Ca++) inde i cellen. Ved hvile er der et h\u00f8jt indhold af Ca++ inden i cellen og et lavt indhold af natrium, det forholder sig omvendt uden for cellen. N\u00e5r musklen f\u00e5r \u201dbesked\u201d p\u00e5 at tr\u00e6kke sig sammen \u00e5bnes kanalerne for natrium, som str\u00f8mmer ind i cellen samtidig med, at kaliumkanaler \u00e5bnes s\u00e5 Ca++ str\u00f8mmer ud af cellen. Ca++ p\u00e5virker troponin som \u00e6ndrer form og tr\u00e6kker tropomyosinet v\u00e6k. Dette medf\u00f8rer, at tropomyosin l\u00f8snes fra actin og afd\u00e6kker et bindingssted for myosinhovederne p\u00e5 actin (tv\u00e6rbrodannelse). <a href=\"http:\/\/blip.tv\/benbrahim-mohammed\/neuromuscular-junction-motor-unit-2824810\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/blip.tv\/benbrahim-mohammed\/neuromuscular-junction-motor-unit-2824810<\/a> Lidt noter for denne uges materiale 1. Under kontration er muskulaturen er i stand til at anvende en r\u00e6kke af\u00a0intra- og extramuscular substrater (det molekyle som enxymer virker p\u00e5) at generere ATP under\u00a0motion. Heriblandt creatinphosphat (CP), glykogen (i musklerne), glucose (i blod\u00e5rene), lactat og frie fedtsyrer (FFA)\u00a0afledt fra enten fedtv\u00e6v eller intramuskul\u00e6r triglycerid lagre.\u00a0Betydning af disse forskellige substrater for stofskiftet bestemmes prim\u00e6rt af tr\u00e6ningsintensitet og\u00a0varighed, selv om milj\u00f8m\u00e6ssige faktorer kan \u00e6ndre den metaboliske reaktion p\u00e5 tr\u00e6ning. 2. Den umiddelbare energikilde for actin-myosin\u00a0under tr\u00e6ningen er ATP. For ATP kr\u00e6ves en r\u00e6kke\u00a0energi-afh\u00e6ngige cellul\u00e6re processer. 3. excitation-kontraktion kobling (nervesp\u00e6nding der for\u00e5rsager en sammentr\u00e6kning af<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1137,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"postBodyCss":"","postBodyMargin":[],"postBodyPadding":[],"postBodyBackground":{"backgroundType":"classic","gradient":""},"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[173],"tags":[174,175],"class_list":["post-1135","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-physiology","tag-muscle","tag-physiology"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":7}},"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Muskel kontraktion: Hvad sker der? 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N\u00e5r aktionspotentialet n\u00e5r enden af nerven udskilles der transmitterstoffet acetylcolin. Dette g\u00e5r over synapsekl\u00f8ften og rammer muskelfiberen. Herved dannes nyt aktionspotentiale p\u00e5 muskelfiberen som spreder sig over cellev\u00e6ggen og ind\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/andreasphysioblog.com\/?p=1135\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2013-07-28T04:57:26+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-03-23T05:06:17+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Exercise Physiology: - Physioblog by Andreas Bjerregaard\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"Muskel kontraktion: Hvad sker der? Nervesinal sendes fra hjenen som aktionspoteltiale til muskelen. Ved enden af nerven dannes der synapse med musklens motoriske endeplade (synapsekl\u00f8ft). 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Dette g\u00e5r over synapsekl\u00f8ften og rammer muskelfiberen. Herved dannes nyt aktionspotentiale p\u00e5 muskelfiberen som spreder sig over cellev\u00e6ggen og 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